Detection of risk for type 2 diabetes and its relationship with metabolic alterations in nurses. / Risco de desenvolvimento do diabetes tipo 2 em enfermeiras e sua relação com alterações metabólicas.

OBJECTIVE: to detect the risk of development of type 2 diabetes in nurses and its relationship with metabolic alterations. METHOD: cross-sectional study, with 155 nurses. The variables investigated were: sociodemographic, body mass index, waist circumference, waist-hip index, lipid profile, basal glycemia and oral glucose tolerance curve. The Finnish Diabetes Risk Score was used to collect data. RESULTS: 155 nurses were included, with an average age of 44 years and 85% were overweight or obese. 52% had a family history of diabetes and 21% had occasional hyperglycemia. With respect to the risk, 59% were identified with moderate and very high risk for type 2 diabetes. Glucose, insulin, glycosylated hemoglobin A1c and insulin resistance increased in parallel to the increased risk for type 2 diabetes, although lipids did not increase. 27% of the sample had impaired fasting glycemia. 15% had glucose intolerance and 5% had type 2 diabetes. CONCLUSION: there was a high detection rate of people at risk for type 2 diabetes (59%) and the high and very high risk score was associated with high levels of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c, glucose, insulin and insulin resistance, but not with lipids.

Burnout and Metabolic Syndrome in Female Nurses: An Observational Study.

Nurses are at risk of having burnout due to workload and job stress-studies have reported that chronic stress is associated with metabolic syndrome. This study aimed to assess the association between burnout and metabolic syndrome in a sample of female nurses. Data were collected from a cross-sectional study from 2016 to 2018 in a tertiary hospital in Mexico City. All nurses that work in the hospital were invited to participate. Information pertaining to sociodemographic (age, education level), work (labor seniority, service area, shift work), anthropometric (weight, waist circumference, blood pressure) and biochemical (glucose, serum lipids) variables were collected. Burnout was assessed using the Maslach Burnout Inventory test, and metabolic syndrome was defined according to the International Diabetes Federation criteria. A total of 168 nurses participated with a median age of 44 years. The prevalence of burnout and metabolic syndrome was 19.6% and 38.7%, respectively. There was no association between burnout and metabolic syndrome (p = 0.373). However, associations of emotional exhaustion (aOR: 14.95; 95% CI: 1.5-148.7), personal accomplishment (aOR: 0.13; 95% CI: 0.01-0.99), and night shift (aOR: 12.39; 95% CI: 1.02-150.5) with increased waist circumference were found. Strategies are needed to prevent burnout and metabolic syndrome in nurses, especially in those who work at night shift.

Characteristics of the Family Support Network of Pregnant Adolescents and Its Association with Gestational Weight Gain and Birth Weight of Newborns.

It has been proposed that, in the Mexican culture, family support can be a factor that contributes to protect the maternal and child health of pregnant adolescents. There may be complex associations between family support and the circumstances of a pregnancy during adolescence. The aim of the study was to analyze the association between the family support network (FSN) characteristic and the maternal and neonatal outcomes in Mexican adolescents. A cross-sectional study was conducted, and 352 pregnant adolescents participated; their FSN during pregnancy was assessed. The gestational weight gain and birth weight/length of newborns were registered. The size of the FSN was described and divided into quartiles; the main members for each quartile were identified. Then, sociodemographic and clinical variables were compared by FSN quartiles. Logistic regression models were performed to assess the association of FSN size and pregnancy and neonatal outcomes. Our results indicate that the mean age was 15 ± 1 year old. The primary support member in the FSN was the mother of the adolescent in each quartile, except for quartile 3, where the primary support was the mother-in-law. In quartile 3 there was a significantly lower gestational weight gain compared to quartile 4 (11.8 ± 5 vs. 13 ± 5 kg, p = 0.054). According to the regression model, a higher risk of small for gestational age (OR 2.99, CI 95% 1.25⁻7.15) newborns was found in quartile 3. We conclude that the maternal and neonatal outcomes did not differ between quartiles of FSN size, except for quartile 3. Small for gestational age newborns were observed when a non-blood relative was present in the FSN. The quality rather than the network size might be more important for improving pregnancy outcomes.

Sociodemographic Factors Associated with the Knowledge and Use of Birth Control Methods in Adolescents before and after Pregnancy.

Adolescent pregnancy rates are high worldwide. However, insufficient information exists regarding the frequency of birth control methods used before the first pregnancy and postpartum. In the current study, we analyzed the association of sociodemographic factors with the knowledge of birth control methods and their use before and after pregnancy in a sample of adolescents in Mexico City. A cohort study was conducted on 600 pregnant adolescents in Mexico City, from 2013 to 2017, at a health care institution providing prenatal care. Participants were assessed during the second trimester and four months postpartum. The questionnaire explored the knowledge of birth control methods, their use, and other associated factors. Two logistic regression models were implemented to identify potential variables associated with the lack of birth control method use before and after pregnancy. The mean age of participants was 15.4 + 1 years, of which, 48% and 65.2% used a birth control method before pregnancy and postpartum, respectively. We found that the main factors associated with increased risk of not using any birth control method before pregnancy included being under the age of 15 years, school dropout, having an educational lag, initiation of sexual life before the age of 15, and having a mother who did not inform their child about contraceptives. By contrast, variables associated with a higher risk of not using any contraceptive methods after pregnancy included educational lag, lower level of education, and the fact that the adolescent had not used any birth control prior to the pregnancy.

Risco de desenvolvimento do diabetes tipo 2 em enfermeiras e sua relação com alterações metabólicas / Detection of risk for type 2 diabetes and its relationship with metabolic alterations in nurses / Detección de riesgo de diabetes tipo 2 y su relación con alteraciones metabólicas en enfermeras

Objetivo: identificar o risco de desenvolvimento de diabetes tipo 2 em enfermeiras e sua relação com as alterações metabólicas. Método: estudo transversal, com 155 enfermeiras. As variáveis investigadas foram: sociodemográficas, índice de massa corporal, a circunferência da cintura, índice cintura-quadril, perfil lipídico, a glicemia basal e a curva oral de tolerância à glicose. Para a coleta de dados utilizou-se o Finnish Diabetes Risk Score. Resultados: Das 155 (100%) enfermeiras, a média de idade foi de 44 anos e 85% apresentavam sobrepeso ou obesidade; 52% tinham história familiar de diabetes e 21%, hiperglicemia ocasional. Em relação ao risco, 59% foram identificados com risco moderado e muito alto de diabetes tipo 2. A glicose, a insulina, a hemoglobina glicosilada A1c e a resistência à insulina aumentaram paralelamente ao aumento do risco de diabetes tipo 2, embora os lipídios não tenham aumentado. 27% das participantes apresentaram glicemia em jejum alterada, 15%, intolerância à glicose e 5%, diabetes tipo 2. Conclusão: houve uma elevada taxa de detecção de risco de diabetes tipo 2 (59%) e a pontuação de risco alto e muito alto foi associado com níveis elevados de hemoglobina glicosilada A1c, glicose, insulina e resistência à insulina, mas não com lipídios.

Objective: to detect the risk of development of type 2 diabetes in nurses and its relationship with metabolic alterations. Method: cross-sectional study, with 155 nurses. The variables investigated were: sociodemographic, body mass index, waist circumference, waist-hip index, lipid profile, basal glycemia and oral glucose tolerance curve. The Finnish Diabetes Risk Score was used to collect data. Results: 155 nurses were included, with an average age of 44 years and 85% were overweight or obese. 52% had a family history of diabetes and 21% had occasional hyperglycemia. With respect to the risk, 59% were identified with moderate and very high risk for type 2 diabetes. Glucose, insulin, glycosylated hemoglobin A1c and insulin resistance increased in parallel to the increased risk for type 2 diabetes, although lipids did not increase. 27% of the sample had impaired fasting glycemia. 15% had glucose intolerance and 5% had type 2 diabetes. Conclusion: there was a high detection rate of people at risk for type 2 diabetes (59%) and the high and very high risk score was associated with high levels of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c, glucose, insulin and insulin resistance, but not with lipids.

Objetivo: identificar el riesgo de desarrollo de diabetes tipo 2 en enfermeras y su relación con alteraciones metabólicas. Método: estudio transversal, con 155 enfermeras. Las variables investigadas fueron: sociodemográficas, el índice de masa corporal, circunferencia de cintura, índice cintura-cadera, perfil de lípidos, glucemia basal y curva de tolerancia oral a la glucosa. Para la recolección de datos se utilizó el Finnish Diabetes Risk Score. Resultados: De las 155 enfermeras, la edad promedio fue 44 años y 85% tenía sobrepeso u obesidad. El 52% tenía antecedentes familiares de diabetes de primera línea, el 21% hiperglucemia ocasional. Con relación al riesgo, se identificaron 59% con riesgo de diabetes tipo 2 moderado y muy alto. Glucosa, insulina, hemoglobina glucosa A1c y la resistencia a la insulina incrementaron paralelos al aumento del riesgo de diabetes tipo 2, aunque los lípidos no. El 27% de las enfermeras presentó glucemia basal alterada. El 15% tuvo intolerancia a la glucosa y 5% diabetes tipo 2. Conclusión: la detección de riesgo de diabetes tipo 2 fue elevada (59%) y el puntaje de riesgo alto y muy alto se relacionó con valores mayores de hemoglobina glucosa A1c, glucosa, insulina y resistencia a la insulina pero no con lípidos.

Pre-pregnancy body mass index classification and gestational weight gain on neonatal outcomes in adolescent mothers: A follow-up study.

INTRODUCTION: Institute of Medicine gestational weight gain recommendations are based on body mass index (BMI) status using adult cut-off points for women of all ages, even though adolescents have specific criteria, like WHO and CDC, so adolescents can receive inadequate weight gain recommendations. OBJECTIVES: To estimate the proportion of classification disparity between the three criteria (WHO, CDC and IOM) of pre-pregnancy BMI status; and to analyze neonatal outcomes according to weight gain recommendation based on pre-pregnancy BMI using the three criteria. METHODS: Follow-up study in pregnant adolescents 12-19 years. Sociodemographic, anthropometric and pregnancy data were obtained. Percentage of pre-pregnancy BMI classification disparity was calculated between three criteria. Gestational weight gain was categorized in adequate, low and high according to IOM. Regression models were used to analyze negative neonatal outcomes. RESULTS: 601 pregnant adolescents were included, mean age was 16±1.4 years. For pre-pregnancy BMI classification, 28.5% had classification disparity using IOM vs WHO, and 14% when comparing IOM vs CDC. Greater classification disparity was observed as BMI increased. When using WHO categories, a high weight gain was associated with increased risk of having a low birth weight baby (OR: 1.91, CI95%: 1.03-3.53). For CDC criteria, a low weight gain was associated with increased risk of having a preterm baby (OR: 2.65; CI95%: 1.16-6.08) and a high weight gain was associated with low birth weight (OR: 2.10; CI95%: 1.10-4.01). For IOM criteria, a weight gain either low or high were associated with increased risk of low birth weight and preterm birth. CONCLUSION: There is pre-pregnancy BMI classification disparity using criteria for adolescents compared to adult criteria. Nevertheless, with WHO and CDC only a high gestational weight gain was a risk for negative neonatal outcome. It is important to have a BMI classification system for adolescents that better predicts neonatal outcomes.

Family context and individual situation of teens before, during and after pregnancy in Mexico City.

BACKGROUND: In the last 20 years, adolescent pregnancy has become one of the most critical problems affecting women in Latin America and the Caribbean. METHODS: This qualitative study was based on in-depth interviews with 29 teen mothers. All of the pregnant teens were from low- to lower-middle-class social strata in the Mexico City metropolitan area. The family (living with the girl) and the individual context of pregnant teens were analysed on the basis of data from at least three interviews: during pregnancy and at approximately 6 and 24 months following delivery. Additionally, six mothers, four fathers, and four partners of the pregnant girls of the group were interviewed. The information on the individual and family situation before, during and after the pregnancy was recorded and transcribed, then analysed in three phases, comprising pre-analysis, exploration and interpretation. RESULTS: The pregnant teens had a family background of teen pregnancy. The girls disclosed feelings of repression, loneliness and indifference to their parents, leading them to unprotected sexual relations without fear of pregnancy. After the pregnancy, communication improved between the girls and their parents, but became worse with their partner. Consequently, these teens returned to feeling as they did before getting pregnant. They stated that they would make their situation work for the sake of their child, and regretted dropping out of school and getting pregnant so young. Almost all said they were seeking love outside the family, which revealed a scenario of limited communication and unsatisfactory relations within the family. CONCLUSIONS: Understanding how communication works between parents and children is necessary to avoid teenage pregnancy, as well as early marriage or cohabitation, resulting in dropping out of school and financial constraints, which lead to great frustrations between the couple and affects the child. In addition, it is vitally important that adolescents be motivated in the family setting in order for them to continue their studies. There is also an urgent need to implement measures that compensate for educational inequality, as well as to strengthen strategies aimed at adolescent mothers and pregnant teens that encourage their school performance through the support of scholarship programs and day care centres. Many of the problems inherent in adolescence are related to the lack of affection and support, and in many cases are a reaction to authoritarian rules or limits established unilaterally by parents with little or no dialogue involved.

PPARG-LYPLAL1 Multi-Allelic Combination Associated with Obesity and Overweight in Mexican Adolescent Females.

OBJECTIVE: We studied multi-loci variants to identify the contribution of six candidate genes (ADIPOQ, CDH13, LYPLAL1, MC4R, PPARG and PGC1A) in the development of obesity and overweight. DESIGN: We genotyped 404 chromosomes with eleven SNPs in Mexican female adolescents, who were subdivided into two groups (obesity-overweight and normal-weight) using the World Health Organization parameters. Genomic (800 chromosomes) and ancestral (208 chromosomes) controls were included to reduce the population bias. Anthropometric measurements, biochemical parameters, and caloric intake were obtained only in the groups of Mexican female adolescents. RESULTS: A positive genotype-phenotype association was found that involves the multi-allelic combination of three risk alleles (one in PPARG and two in LYPLAL1) with obesity and overweight (OR=3.1, P=.010). This combination also exhibited a significant association with waist circumference (P=.030) and triglycerides levels (P=.030). These associations were supported by a logistic regression analysis adjusted for several confounding variables. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest the joint participation of PPARG-LYPLAL1 genes in metabolic disorders development. Hence, these genes could act as potential biomarkers in obesity and overweight. Our findings underscore the complexity of metabolic disorders and provide evidence about the importance of multi-loci analysis to study complex diseases.

Satisfacción de la imagen corporal en adolescentes y adultos mexicanos y su relación con la autopercepción corporal y el índice de masa corporal real / Body image satisfaction in Mexican adolescents and adults and its relation with body selfperception and real body mass index

Introducción: La percepción que se tengan de la imagen corporal (IC) podría determinar la búsqueda de atención nutricia, aunque no siempre hay concordancia del índice de masa corporal (IMC) autopercibido con el real. Objetivo: Correlacionar el IMC autopercibido con el real y su relación con la satisfacción de la IC en una muestra de adolescentes y adultos mexicanos. Métodos: Estudio transversal analítico, con 556 participantes: 330 adolescentes y 217 adultos, con las siguientes evaluaciones: de autopercepción y de la satisfacción de la IC; asimismo, antropométrica. Resultados: El IMC fue mayor entre adultos 23±6 vs 29.3±5 p<0.001, quienes duplicaron la cifra de sobrepeso y obesidad de los adolescentes 79% vs 43%. La mitad de todos los participantes tuvo concordancia de su IMC percibido con el real (p<0.001). De los adultos con sobrepeso u obesidad 68% estuvieron satisfechos con su IC, mientras que en los adolescentes esto correspondió a más del 80%. Las variables predictoras de insatisfacción de la IC fueron ser adulto, ser mujer y tener sobrepeso/obesidad (p=0.013). Los que refirieron que su figura corporal les inspiraba un juicio positivo reportaron estar satisfechos con su IC y la mayoría presentaron un IMC real de normal o sobrepeso. Conclusiones: En la mitad de los participantes hubo concordancia entre la IC autopercibida y el IMC real. La satisfacción con la IC fue más frecuente entre los de menor IMC real y autopercibido, pero una gran proporción de los de sobrepeso y obesidad también refirieron satisfacción con su IC, aunque sea una condición de riesgo (AU)

Introduction: Body Image (BI) perception could determine the nutritional care search, even though there is not always concordance between the real BMI and the self-perceived one. Objetive: To determine the correlation between self-perceived and real BMI, and their relation with body image (BI) satisfaction in a sample of Mexican adolescents and adults. Subjects and methods: An cross-sectional and analytical study, conformed by 556 participants; of which 330were adolescents and 217 were adults with anthropometric, self-perception and BI satisfaction assessment. Results: The BMI was higher 23±6 vs 29.3±5 p<0.001in adults, which doubled the level of overweight and obesity present in the adolescents 79% vs 43%. About 50%of participants had concordance between their real BMI and their perceived one (p<0.001). Of all adults with overweight and obesity 68% had satisfaction with their BI, whereas the prevalence of satisfaction with the BI in adolescents was 80%. The predictive variables of BI insatisfaction were being an adult, being a woman and having overweight/obesity (p=0.013). Those ones who referred a positive judgment about their BI, they also reported being satisfied with their BI and presented a real normal or overweight BMI. Conclusions: Half of the participants had concordance of their perceived BI with their real BMI. The satisfaction with BI was more frequent between the lower real and perceived BMI, but subjects with overweight and obesity also reported satisfaction with their BI even though it is considered a risk condition (AU)

Determinación de la relación 2-hidroxiestrona/16x-hidroxiestrona en la orina de mujeres mexicanas como indicador de riesgo a cáncer de mama y su relación con otros factores de riesgo / Determination of 2-hydroxyestrone/16x-hydroxyestrone ratio in urine of Mexican women as a risk indicator for breast cancer and its relationship with other risk factors

La relación 2-hidroxiestrona/16α-hidroxiestrona urinaria (RMEO), se ha propuesto en diversas poblaciones del mundo como indicador de riesgo a cáncer de mama (CM), sin embargo, en la población mexicana, nunca se ha determinado. Objetivo: Determinar la RMEO en mujeres mexicanas y establecer su relación con factores de riesgo para CM. Material y Métodos: Estudio transversal analítico de 142 mujeres premenopáusicas y 42 posmenopáusicas. Se determinó la RMEO con el estuche ESTRAMETTM y se relacionó con factores de riesgo para CM. Se realizaron correlaciones y regresiones lineales. Resultados: La mediana de la RMEO fue 0.90 (RIC: 0.64-1.18). El índice de masa corporal (IMC) y la menarca temprana contribuyeron en 5.4% de su variabilidad (F=5.17; p<0.000). IMC participó en 6.1% de la variabilidad de 2-hidroxiestrona en mujeres premenopáusicas (F=4.40; p<0.000) y 18.1% en posmenopáusicas (F=8.85; p<0.000). Conclusión: La RMEO fue ≈50% menor que lo reportado para otras poblaciones e inversamente proporcional al IMC (AU)

The urinary ratio 2-hydroxyoestrone/16α-hydroxyoestrone (URME), has been proposed in various populations on the world as a risk indicator for breast cancer (BC), however in the Mexican population has never been determined. Objective: To determine URME Mexican women and establish its relationship with risk factors for BC. Material and Methods: Cross-sectional study of 142 premenopausal and 42 posmenopausal women. The URME was determined with the kit ESTRAMETTM and was related to risk factors for BC. Correlations and linear regressions were performed. Results: The median URME was 0.90 (RIQ 0.64-1.18). The body mass index (BMI) and early menarche contribute 5.4% of their variability (F=5.17; p<0.000). IMC participated in 6.1% of the variability of 2-hydroxyoestrone in premenopausal (F=4.40; p<0.000) and 18.1% in posmenopausal women (F=8.85; p<0.000). Conclusion: The URME was ≈50% lower than reported for other populations and inversely proportional to BMI (AU)

Barriers to lose weight from the perspective of children with overweight/obesity and their parents: a sociocultural approach.

INTRODUCTION: There are not enough studies about the barriers to lose weight from the perspective of children and their parents. METHODS: Children and adolescents diagnosed with overweight/obesity in the Department of Endocrinology and their parents were invited to participate in a series of focus group discussions (FGD). Twenty-nine children 10-16 years old and 22 parents participated in 7 focus groups; 2 mothers and 2 adolescents participated in depth interviews. All interviews were recorded, transcribed, and analyzed through grounded theory. RESULTS: Parents went to the hospital only when their children presented any obesity complication; for them, overweight was not a health problem. Parents referred to lack of time to supervise about a healthy diet and exercise; besides, the same parents, relatives, friends, and the mass media encourage the consumption of junk food. Children accepted eating a lot, not doing exercise, skipping meals, and not understanding overweight consequences. Both, parents and children, demanded support to do the time recommended for exercise inside the schools. They also suggested getting information from schools and mass media (TV) about overweight consequences, exercise, and healthy food by health workers; they recommended prohibiting announcements about junk food and its sale. CONCLUSIONS: The barriers detected were lack of perception of being overweight, its identification as a disease and its consequences, lack of time to supervise a healthy lifestyle, and a big social influence to eat junk food.

Biomarcadores óseos y su relación con la densidad mineral ósea en adultas jóvenes y adolescentes en su primer año posparto / Bone biomarkers and its relation with bone mineral density in adults and adolescents during the first year postpartum

La información sobre biomarcadores óseos en adolescentes y adultas durante el periodo posparto es incierta, por lo que el objetivo de este artículo fue analizar el patrón de biomarcadores óseos en adolescentes y adultas a 15, 90, 180 y 365 días posparto (dpp) y su asociación con la densidad mineral ósea (DMO) y lactancia materna. Se realizó un estudio de cohorte en 32 madres adolescentes ≤17 años y 41 adultas de 18 a 29 años de edad en el primer año posparto. Se realizaron medidas antropométricas, DMO y biomarcadores óseos y así como datos del tipo y la duración de lactancia. Como resultados se encontró asociación entre la concentración basal de N-telopéptidos ≤24 μg/L y mayor aumento de DMO. Las adolescentes tuvieron mayor concentración de N-telopéptidos (p≤0.004) y menor concentración de osteocalcina (5±3 vs13±4, p <0.001) que las adultas. La lactancia no afectó el cambio de DMO (p>0.050), ni de biomarcadores óseos. La osteocalcina se asoció con el cambio en DMO (p<0.040). La prolactina fue mayor entre las que practicaron lactancia materna exclusiva (p<0.001). A menor edad menores concentraciones de osteocalcina (p<0.001) y mayores concentraciones de N-telopéptidos (p<0.001). Se concluyó que a menor concentración de N-telopéptidos y mayor de osteocalcina hubo un mayor aumento de DMO, lo cual implica menor aumento de ésta en el grupo de adolescentes. La lactancia no afectó la DMO.

The objective of this study was to describe the trend of bone biomarkers in adults and adolescents women at 15, 90, 180 and 365 postpartum days (ppd) and its relation with bone mineral density (BMD). It was a prospective cohort of 32 teenager’s ≤17 and 41 women from 18 to 29 years old. We evaluated diet, anthropometry, BMD, bone biomarkers and hormonal profile. In all, the concentration of N-telopeptide was higher at 15 days postpartum decreasing during first year postpartum, but adolescents had the highest concentration. The lowest N-telopeptide concentration was associated with highest increasing of the BMD. Osteocalcin concentration was lower in adolescents than in adults women (5 ± 3 vs 13 ± 4 ng/mL, p<0.001) during first year postpartum. Exclusive breastfeeding did not affect the BMD (p>0.050) or bone biomarkers. Osteocalcin concentration was positively associated with bone BMD (p<0.040), breastfeeding did not affect osteocalcin concentrations. Prolactin was higher among women who breastfed exclusively (p<0.001). Age and breastfeeding inversely correlated with bone biomarkers (p<0.001) N-telopeptide and PTHi respectively. We concluded that a lower N-telopeptide concentration and a higher osteocalcin concentration were associated with a higher increasing of BMD, so then, adolescents showed the lowest recovery of the BMD. Breastfeeding does not affect the BMD.

[Determination of 2-hydroxyestrone /16α-hydroxyestrone ratio in urine of Mexican women as a risk indicator for breast cancer and its relationship with other risk factors]. / Determinación de la relación 2-hidroxiestrona/16α-hidroxiestrona en la orina de mujeres mexicanas como indicador de riesgo a cáncer de mama y su relación con otros factores de riesgo.

UNLABELLED: The urinary ratio 2-hydroxyoestrone/16-hydroxyoestrone (URME), has been proposed in various populations on the world as a risk indicator for breast cancer (BC), however in the Mexican population has never been determined. OBJECTIVE: To determine URME Mexican women and establish its relationship with risk factors for BC. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Cross-sectional study of 142 premenopausal and 42 posmenopausal women. The URME was determined with the kit ESTRAMETTM and was related to risk factors for BC. Correlations and linear regressions were performed. RESULTS: The median URME was 0.90 (RIQ 0.64-1.18). The body mass index (BMI) and early menarche contribute 5.4% of their variability (F=5.17; p.

La relacion 2-hidroxiestrona/16-hidroxiestrona urinaria (RMEO), se ha propuesto en diversas poblaciones del mundo como indicador de riesgo a cancer de mama (CM), sin embargo, en la poblacion mexicana, nunca se ha determinado. Objetivo: Determinar la RMEO en mujeres mexicanas y establecer su relacion con factores de riesgo para CM. Material y Métodos: Estudio transversal analitico de 142 mujeres premenopausicas y 42 posmenopausicas. Se determino la RMEO con el estuche ESTRAMETTM y se relaciono con factores de riesgo para CM. Se realizaron correlaciones y regresiones lineales. Resultados: La mediana de la RMEO fue 0.90 (RIC: 0.64-1.18). El indice de masa corporal (IMC) y la menarca temprana contribuyeron en 5.4% de su variabilidad (F=5.17; p.

[Body image satisfaction in Mexican adolescents and adults and its relation with body selfperception and real body mass index]. / Satisfacción de la imagen corporal en adolescentes y adultos mexicanos y su relación con la autopercepción corporal y el índice de masa corporal real.

INTRODUCTION: Body Image (BI) perception could determine the nutritional care search, even though there is not always concordance between the real BMI and the self-perceived one. OBJETIVE: To determine the correlation between self-perceived and real BMI, and their relation with body image (BI) satisfaction in a sample of Mexican adolescents and adults. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: An cross-sectional and analytical study, conformed by 556 participants; of which 330 were adolescents and 217 were adults with anthropometric, self-perception and BI satisfaction assessment. RESULTS: The BMI was higher 23±6 vs 29.3±5 p<0.001 in adults, which doubled the level of overweight and obesity present in the adolescents 79% vs 43%. About 50% of participants had concordance between their real BMI and their perceived one (p<0.001). Of all adults with overweight and obesity 68% had satisfaction with their BI, whereas the prevalence of satisfaction with the BI in adolescents was 80%. The predictive variables of BI insatisfaction were being an adult, being a woman and having overweight/obesity (p=0.013). Those ones who referred a positive judgment about their BI, they also reported being satisfied with their BI and presented a real normal or overweight BMI. CONCLUSIONS: Half of the participants had concordance of their perceived BI with their real BMI. The satisfaction with BI was more frequent between the lower real and perceived BMI, but subjects with overweight and obesity also reported satisfaction with their BI even though it is considered a risk condition.

Introducción: La percepción que se tengan de la imagen corporal (IC) podría determinar la búsqueda de atención nutricia, aunque no siempre hay concordancia del índice de masa corporal (IMC) autopercibido con el real. Objetivo: Correlacionar el IMC autopercibido con el real y su relación con la satisfacción de la IC en una muestra de adolescentes y adultos mexicanos. Métodos: Estudio transversal analítico, con 556 participantes: 330 adolescentes y 217 adultos, con las siguientes evaluaciones: de autopercepción y de la satisfacción de la IC; asimismo, antropométrica. Resultados: El IMC fue mayor entre adultos 23±6 vs 29.3±5 p.

[Bone biomarkers and its relation with bone mineral density in adults and adolescents during the first year postpartum]. / Biomarcadores óseos y su relación con la densidad mineral ósea en adultas jóvenes y adolescents en su primer año posparto.

The objective of this study was to describe the trend of bone biomarkers in adults and adolescents women at 15, 90, 180 and 365 postpartum days (ppd) and its relation with bone mineral density (BMD). It was a prospective cohort of 32 teenager's ≤17 and 41 women from 18 to 29 years old. We evaluated diet, anthropometry, BMD, bone biomarkers and hormonal profile. In all, the concentration of N-telopeptide was higher at 15 days postpartum decreasing during first year postpartum, but adolescents had the highest concentration. The lowest N-telopeptide concentration was associated with highest increasing of the BMD. Osteocalcin concentration was lower in adolescents than in adults women (5 ± 3 vs 13 ± 4 ng/mL, p<0.001) during first year postpartum. Exclusive breastfeeding did not affect the BMD (p>0.050) or bone biomarkers. Osteocalcin concentration was positively associated with bone BMD (p<0.040), breastfeeding did not affect osteocalcin concentrations. Prolactin was higher among women who breastfed exclusively (p<0.001). Age and breastfeeding inversely correlated with bone biomarkers (p<0.001) N-telopeptide and PTHi respectively. We concluded that a lower N-telopeptide concentration and a higher osteocalcin concentration were associated with a higher increasing of BMD, so then, adolescents showed the lowest recovery of the BMD. Breastfeeding does not affect the BMD.

[Association of consumption of carbonated beverages and decalcification in woman on reproductive and non-reproductive age of Mexico City]. / Asociación del consumo de bebidas carbonatadas y descalcificación en mujeres en edad reproductiva y no reproductiva de la Ciudad de México.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: There is not enough information about carbonated beverages (CB) consumption in Mexican women and its association with bone mineral density (BMD). The objective was to identify the association of CB consumption with BMD in two groups of Mexican women. METHODS: Transversal study with 328 women in reproductive age (WRA) and not reproductive (WNRA) with diet and anthropometric evaluation and BMD. RESULTS: Mean age of 18.7 years in WRA and 47 in WNRA. Energy adequacy percentage was lower in WNRA (98 ± 28% vs 144 ± 55) (p = 0.001), calcium intake was < 700 mg/day in women with osteopenia of both groups and median consumption of CB was higher in WRA, with 200 mL/day (0-462) vs 0 (0-250) in WNRA (p = 0.001), WRA with osteopenia drank 500 mL/day (253-750) of CB vs 100 (0-200) in who had not (p = 0.001). Anthropometric parameters were higher in WNRA (p =?0.002) and femoral neck BMD was lower (1.031 ± 0.14 vs 1.107 ± 0.10) (p = 0.001) and higher in L2-L4 (1.114 ± 0.13 vs 1.003 ± 0.09) (p = 0.001) in WRA. Variables associated with risk of osteopenia: drink CB (OR 11.186, p = 0.001), consuming < 700 mg of calcium (OR 5.774, p = 0.001) and dinner no milk (OR 1.942, p = 0.042). CONCLUSIONS: To drink CB increases risk of osteopenia in both groups, WRA drink more CB than WNRA and they will have high probability of fractures younger.

Introducción y objetivo: No hay información suficiente sobre el consumo de bebidas carbonatadas (BC) y su asociación con la densidad mineral ósea (DMO) en mexicanas. El objetivo fue identificar la asociación del consumo de BC con la DMO en dos grupos de mujeres mexicanas. Métodos: Estudio transversal con 328 mujeres en edad reproductiva (MER) y no reproductiva (MENR), con evaluación dietética, antropométrica y DMO. Resultados: Edad promedio de 18,7 años en MER y 47 años en MENR. El porcentaje de adecuación del consumo de energía fue inferior en MENR (98 ± 28% vs 144 ± 55) (p = 0,001), el consumo de calcio fue < 700 mg/día en mujeres con osteopenia de ambos grupos y la mediana del consumo de BC fue mayor en MER, con 200 mL/día (0- 462) vs 0 (0-250) en MENR (p = 0,001), las MER con osteo penia bebían 500 mL/día (253-750 mL/día) de BC/día vs 100 (0-200 mL/día) en las que no la presentaron (p = 0,001). Los parámetros antropométricos fueron superiores en MENR (p =?0.002) y la DMO en cuello de fémur fue inferior 1,031 ± 0,14 vs 1,107 ± 0,10 (p = 0,001), en MER fue mayor en L2-L4: 1,114 ± 0,13 vs 1,003 ± 0,09 (p = 0,001). Variables asociadas al riesgo de osteopenia: beber BC (OR 11,186; p = 0,001), consumir < 700 mg de calcio (OR 5,774; p = 0,001) y no cenar leche (OR 1,942; p = 0,042). Conclusiones: Beber BC aumenta el riesgo de osteopenia en ambos grupos, las MER consumen más BC que las MENR y tienen aún más probabilidad de fracturas a edades más tempranas.

Asociación del consumo de bebidas carbonatadas y descalcificaciónen mujeres en edad reproductiva y no reproductiva de la Ciudad de México / Association of consumption of carbonated beverages and decalcification in woman on reproductive and non-reproductive age of mexico city

Introducción y objetivo: No hay información suficiente sobre el consumo de bebidas carbonatadas (BC) y su asociación con la densidad mineral ósea (DMO) en mexicanas. El objetivo fue identificar la asociación del consumo de BC con la DMO en dos grupos de mujeres mexicanas. Métodos: Estudio transversal con 328 mujeres en edad reproductiva (MER) y no reproductiva (MENR), con evaluación dietética, antropométrica y DMO. Resultados: Edad promedio de 18,7 años en MER y 47 años en MENR. El porcentaje de adecuación del consumo de energía fue inferior en MENR (98 ± 28% vs 144 ± 55) (p = 0,001), el consumo de calcio fue < 700 mg/día en mujeres con osteopenia de ambos grupos y la mediana del consumo de BC fue mayor en MER, con 200 mL/día (0462) vs 0 (0-250) en MENR (p = 0,001), las MER con osteopenia bebían 500 mL/día (253-750 mL/día) de BC/día vs 100 (0-200 mL/día) en las que no la presentaron (p = 0,001). Los parámetros antropométricos fueron superiores en MENR (p < 0.002) y la DMO en cuello de fémur fue inferior 1,031 ± 0,14 vs 1,107 ± 0,10 (p = 0,001), en MER fue mayor en L2-L4: 1,114 ± 0,13 vs 1,003 ± 0,09 (p = 0,001). Variables asociadas al riesgo de osteopenia: beber BC (OR 11,186; p = 0,001), consumir < 700 mg de calcio (OR 5,774; p = 0,001) y no cenar leche (OR 1,942; p = 0,042). Conclusiones: Beber BC aumenta el riesgo de osteopenia en ambos grupos, las MER consumen más BC que las MENR y tienen aún más probabilidad de fracturas a edades más tempranas (AU)

Introduction and objective: There is not enough information about carbonated beverages (CB) consumption in Mexican women and its association with bone mineral density (BMD). The objective was to identify the association of CB consumption with BMD in two groups of Mexican women. Methods: Transversal study with 328 women in reproductive age (WRA) and not reproductive (WNRA) with diet and anthropometric evaluation and BMD. Results: Mean age of 18.7 years in WRA and 47 in WNRA. Energy adequacy percentage was lower in WNRA (98 ± 28% vs 144 ± 55) (p = 0.001), calcium intake was < 700 mg/day in women with osteopenia of both groups and median consumption of CB was higher in WRA, with 200 mL/day (0-462) vs 0 (0-250) in WNRA (p = 0.001), WRA with osteopenia drank 500 mL/day (253-750) of CB vs 100 (0-200) in who had not (p = 0.001). Anthropometric parameters were higher in WNRA (p < 0.002) and femoral neck BMD was lower (1.031 ± 0.14 vs 1.107 ± 0.10) (p = 0.001) and higher in L2-L4 (1.114 ± 0.13 vs 1.003 ± 0.09) (p = 0.001) in WRA. Variables associated with risk of osteopenia: drink CB (OR 11.186, p = 0.001), consuming < 700 mg of calcium (OR 5.774, p = 0.001) and dinner no milk (OR 1.942, p = 0.042). Conclusions: To drink CB increases risk of osteopenia in both groups, WRA drink more CB than WNRA and they will have high probability of fractures younger (AU)

Control prenatal y zinc sérico: su repercusión en el recién nacido de madres adolescentes / Prenatal control and serum zinc: impact on the newborn to adolescent mothers

Introducción: Las adolescentes embarazadas son un grupo vulnerable nutricionalmente porque deben cumplir con sus propias necesidades de crecimiento y las del embarazo. El control prenatal es importante para un consumo de nutrimentos y una resolución del embarazo adecuado. Objetivo: Asociar el trimestre de inicio de control prenatal y el zinc sérico consumido con algunas características neonatales. Material y métodos: Estudio de cohorte, analítico y prospectivo con adolescentes embarazadas que se atendieron en el Instituto Nacional de Perinatología con las siguientes evaluaciones, en el último trimestre gestacional: consumo de zinc (frecuencia de consumo de alimentos), zinc sérico (espectrofotometría), antropométrica (peso, estatura) y revisión del expediente clínico (inicio del control prenatal y datos del neonato). Análisis estadístico: prueba t de Student, χ² de Pearson y regresión lineal. Aprobado por los comités de ética e investigación. Resultados: El 59% de las participantes inició el control prenatal en el primer trimestre gestacional; de ellas, el 56% tuvo parto vaginal, 92% de neonatos fueron a término, 85% con peso adecuado y mayor consumo de zinc. Las concentraciones séricas de zinc a la semana 28 y 32 de gestación explicaron 35% el peso al nacer R² = 0.358, β 2837 IC 1761, 3914, p = 0.001, 16% del perímetro cefálico (R² = 0.163 β = 35 EE = 1.9, IC 31.2, 39, p = 0.001), 25% de la edad gestacional (p = 0.003) y el 43% la longitud al nacer R² = 0.431, β 55.5 IC 49.62, p = 0.001). Conclusiones: El control prenatal en el primer trimestre se asoció a un mayor consumo de zinc. Las concentraciones de zinc sérico normales se asociaron con más frecuencia a neonatos a término y con mayor longitud, peso y perímetro cefálico.

Introduction: Adolescents pregnant are a vulnerable group in the nutritional area because they have their self growth requirements and for the child. Prenatal care is important to achieve healthy nutrition and better pregnant outcomes. Aims: To associate the gestational trimester beginning prenatal care, zinc (Zn) serum concentrations and its intake with neonatal characteristics. Methods: This is a cohort study with pregnant adolescents assisted by Perinatology National Institute. In the last trimester of gestation, we determine anthropometry characteristics, zinc intake (food frequency), serum zinc (espectrofotometry) and clinical records in order to get newborn somatometry. Statistic analysis: T Student, χ² de Pearson and lineal regression. The study was approved by INPer's Research and Ethic Committee. Results: More than 50% adolescents pregnant began their prenatal care at the first gestational trimester, 56% had eutocic part, 92% were at term, and 85% had newborn's normal weight and normal zinc intake. Normal zinc serum concentrations explained 35% of NB weight (R² = 0.358, IC 1761, 3914, p = 0.001), 16% of head circumference (R² = 0.163, IC 31.2, 39, p = 0.001), 25% of gestational age at term (p = 0.003), and 43% of newborn height (R² = 0.431, IC 49.62, p = 0.001). Conclusions: Prenatal care in the first trimester was associated with a higher zinc intake. Zinc normal serum concentration was associated with normal gestational age at term, higher weight, head circumference and height stature.